Educational system structure in Turkey – prof. Carmen Bucovală
The educational system in Turkey is structured on multiple levels, each playing an essential role in the formation and development of the necessary skills for students to integrate effectively into society and the labor market. This system is regulated by the Ministry of National Education, which ensures the coherence and quality of the educational process.
Preschool education, although not mandatory, is strongly encouraged and is intended for children aged between 3 and 6 years. Its purpose is to prepare children for primary education by developing fundamental social and cognitive skills. Primary education is compulsory and free for all children aged between 6 and 14 years and is structured into two cycles: the primary cycle (grades 1-4) and the lower secondary cycle (grades 5-8). This level aims to provide a solid basic education, including fundamental subjects such as Turkish language, mathematics, natural sciences, social studies, and physical education.
Secondary education extends over a period of four years and is intended for students aged between 14 and 18 years. It is divided into two main branches: general education and vocational and technical education. General education prepares students for access to higher education, while vocational education offers practical training in various professional fields, facilitating a swift transition to the labor market.
Higher education includes universities, institutes, and colleges, offering a wide range of academic and professional programs. The Turkish higher education system is aligned with the Bologna Process, allowing for the international recognition of degrees and academic mobility. Universities in Turkey are either public or private and offer bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies, contributing to research and innovation in various fields.
Vocational high schools (as it is Piri Reis Highschool, our host in Tuzla, Istanbul) hold a pivotal position within Turkey's educational system, serving a crucial role in preparing students for the labor market and contributing to the country's economic development. These institutions provide specialized educational programs that integrate theoretical knowledge with practical training, ensuring that students acquire the necessary skills and competencies for various professions.
In the broader context of secondary education, vocational high schools offer an alternative pathway to general high schools, catering to students who seek direct entry into the workforce or who wish to pursue further vocational studies. The curriculum in vocational high schools is designed to be responsive to the demands of the labor market, incorporating industry-specific training and fostering partnerships with businesses to provide students with real-world experience. Furthermore, vocational high schools in Turkey support the national agenda of reducing youth unemployment and enhancing economic productivity. By aligning their programs with the evolving needs of industries, these schools play an instrumental role in equipping students with up-to-date technical skills and promoting lifelong learning.